We created this timeline as an accounting of what has been going on over the years in the United States regarding the sex industry. Obviously, there are many gaps, and we consider it to be a work in progress. Feel free to help us fill them in by alerting us to what, where, and when something happened that should be added to the timeline.
1910 |
Congress passed The Mann Act, criminalizing the act of securing women and girls and selling them outright for the purposes of prostitution. |
1950's |
1953 |
Playboy first published. |
1960's |
1965 |
Penthouse first published. |
1968 |
First Miss America pageant disrupted in Atlantic City. |
1970's |
1970 |
Majority Report of the Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Called a scientific scandal by many researchers, resulting in a rejection by the Senate. It was largely discredited. The Hill-Link Minority Report of the Commission was accepted by both houses in Congress as a responsible position on the issues. |
1971 |
Deep Throat first released. This pornography movie was released when VCRs became affordable for more people. For the first time a pornographic film could be viewed in the privacy of one's home. This contributed to the phenomenal success of the movie; as did the innocent, girl-next-door looks and mannerisms of Linda Marchiano (aka Linda Lovelace), star of the film. |
1973 |
COYOTE (Cast Off Your Old Tired Ethics) is founded in California by Margo St. James. COYOTE is a prostitution advocacy group. St. James claims she prostituted, but police records show her being arrested for running a disorderly house (aka pimping) not for prostitution. |
1976 |
Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media is founded in New York by Diana Russell, Laura Lederer, and Dortchen Leidholdt. |
1976 |
Shere Hite's The Hite Report on Female Sexuality is published. |
1977 |
Women Armed For Self Protection is founded by long-time feminist activist Nikki Craft after sitting in on a rape trail of a prostituted Black woman. The defendant, a white man, was acquitted despite a police officer's testimony that the defendant was known to cruise prostitution areas looking for Black women. Craft also founded The Kitty Genovese Women's Project, which released a list of over two thousand men indicted for sex offenses against women in Dallas, Texas. The Project was named after a women murdered in New York in 1964, who had a prostitution history. |
1978 |
First Take Back the Night march in the United States held in San Francisco's pornography district. It was organized in conjunction with this country's first conference on pornography. |
1978 |
PRIDE (From Prostitution to Independence, Dignity and Equality) founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota by a survivor of prostitution and her therapist |
1979 |
Kathleen Barry's Female Sexual Slavery is published. |
1979 |
National Task Force on Prostitution is founded in California by Margo St. James. NTFP is an umbrella group for prostitution advocates. |
Late 1970s |
Women Against Pornography founded in New York. |
1980's |
1980 |
Take Back the Night anthology on prostitution and pornography is published. |
1980 |
Linda Marchiano's Ordeal is published. Marchiano recounts her life in prostitution and pornography. |
1980 |
The Paul and Lisa Program founded in Connecticut. Their focus is on prostituted youth. The program's name is derived from Saint Paul and a prostituted girl named Lisa who was murdered. |
1980 |
Friendship Unlimited is founded in Portland, Oregon. Their focus is on homeless prostituted women. |
1981 |
Shere Hites's The Hite Report on Male Sexuality is published. |
1982 |
NY vs. FERBER, the first United States court case deciding child pornography did not deserve First Amendment protection. |
1983 |
Testimony on the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These hearings spur another national commission on pornography. Commonly referred to as the Messe Commission, this group relied substantially on the Minneapolis testimony for their investigations. The complete transcript of the Minneapolis hearings would not be published for another five years. |
1983 |
Genesis House founded in Chicago, Illinois. Their focus is to provide long-term residential care for prostituted women. |
1984 |
National Rampage Against Penthouse and Hustler begins. Organized by long-time feminist activist Nikki Craft in retaliation for the December 1984 issue of Penthouse magazine where Japanese women were shown tied up, hung from trees, with several appearing to be dead. Over 21 communities participated in almost 10 states. Hundreds of pornographic magazines were destroyed, resulting in over a hundred individual arrests and countless raised consciousnesses. |
1984 |
Testimony on the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance heard in Indianapolis, Indiana. |
1984 |
Council for Prostitution Alternatives founded in Portland, Oregon. It was created, in part, in response to an organized interest in legalizing prostitution in the city. |
1984 |
First national conference for advocates of prostitution held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. |
1985 |
Testimony on the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance heard in Los Angeles, California. |
1985 |
WHISPER (Women Hurt In Systems of Prostitution Engaged in Revolt) founded in New York by a survivor of prostitution. |
1986 |
Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. |
1986 |
Renton v. Playtime Theatres. Supreme Court approved, this case permits "content-neutral" time, place, and manner regulation of sexually oriented businesses, so long as they are designed to serve a substantial governmental interest and do not unreasonably limit alternative avenues of communication. Such a substantial interest is served if the ordinance, by its terms, is designed to generally protect and preserve the quality of urban life. |
1988 |
Pornography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of the Links is published. This book is the complete transcript of the testimony given in support of, as well as against, the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1983. No American publisher was willing to publish the testimony, so it was published in England. |
1989 |
Andrea Dworkin's Pornography: Men Possessing Women is published. |
1990's |
1992 |
Testimony on the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance heard in Boston, Massachusetts. |
1993 |
Enough is Enough! is founded in California. Their mission is to protect children from being recruited into prostitution/pornography. |
1993 |
HIPS (Helping Individual Prostitutes to Survive) founded in Washington, DC. |
1993 |
Diana Russell's book Against Pornography: The Evidence of Harm is published. Russell had to self publish this book because no publishing house would agree to publish pornographic pictures and cartoons without the pornographer's permission. |
1995 |
The SAGE Project (Standing Against Global Exploitation) founded in San Francisco, California by a survivor of prostitution. |
1995 |
PROMISE (Prevention, Referral, Outreach, Mentoring, and Intervention to end Sexual Exploitation) founded in San Francisco, California. |
1997 |
In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings is published. This book is the complete collection of testimony given in support of, as well as against, the Dworkin/MacKinnon Ordinance in all four cities -held in Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Los Angeles and Boston. |
1999 |
The Lola Greene Baldwin Foundation for Recovery is founded in Portland, Oregon. Their focus is on protective services for anyone with a prostitution history, and community education. |
1999 |
Advocates for Prostituted Women and Girls founded in Chicago, Illinois. |
2003 |
President Bush reauthorizes the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. This accelerates our global work against modern-day slavery in a number of ways: Provides new tools for addressing destination countries that may be turning a blind eye to trafficking, especially the abuse of foreign women. Makes convictions and sentencing of traffickers as important as arrests in evaluating country progress. Requires better statistical monitoring, giving us access to critical law enforcement data related to trafficking. Creates a Watch List of countries weakening their commitment to prosecute traffickers, prevent abuse, and protect victims.
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